As ammonium nitrate has oxidizing properties, it can easily release oxygen into the air. This can make it highly explosive when combined with combustible substances. When mixed with fuels like fuel oil and aluminum powder or with explosives like TNT, ammonium nitrate easily creates explosive compounds, including Amatex, Amatol, Minol, Tovex, etc.
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Ammonium nitrate, by itself, is not considered to be a donor when applying this table. ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) or combinations thereof are acceptors. If stores of AN are located within the sympathetic detonation distance of explosives or blasting agents, one-half the mass of the AN is to be included in the mass of the donor.
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Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Any carbonaceous material mixed with ammonium nitrate (AN) will produce a possible explosive mixture. In fact AN, as a pure material is not classified as an explosive for transportation and storage unless it contains >0.4% carbonaceous material. However, there have been many apparent incidences of pure AN being ...
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In explosive: Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil mixtures. In 1955 it was discovered that mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fine coal dust would give very satisfactory blasting results in the large …
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Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) is one of the most widely used explosives for civilian purposes. Its main advantages are its low price and simple method of production. The main disadvantages of this material are low water …
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ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) is a widely used bulk industrial explosive mixture. It consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (AN) that acts as the oxidizing agent and …
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If the fire is in the hot zone or impinging on any closed containers that contain ammonium nitrate or fuel oil, immediately begin removing all personnel from the hot zone. Aggressively expand the ...
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Such divergence is responsible for the diameter-effect and failure-diameter phenomena in condensed-phase explosives and particularly dominant in detonation of nonideal explosives such as Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO).
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1. Introduction. Emulsion explosives (EE) are one of the most recently developed classes of energetic materials [1,2,3,4,5] and can be perceived as a step forward from the traditional energetic materials based on ammonium nitrate (AN), such as amatols, ammonals and ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil).EEs are obtained by physically or chemically …
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Ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) is so extensively used that it has displaced nitroglycerin based dynamites in many commercial explosives. Sadly, due to its explosive nature, it has been involved in repeated disasters, including the explosion of the ship SS Grandcamp docked in Texas City, ...
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The ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture involved in the Kansas City explosion that killed six firefighters was on fire and, as a result, produced a detonation that might have been caused by the ...
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It is the main component of ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil), a popular explosive, which accounts for 80% of the explosives used in North America. Responding When Ammonium Nitrate Is Present The U.S. Department of Transportation classifies ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer, a Class 1.5 Insensitive Explosive, that can be an explosive by itself ...
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ANFO is an acronym for the most popular blasting agents in use today. It stands for ammonium nitrate, fuel oil; and it is a simple mixture of the two. Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizing agent that ...
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On 4 August 2020, an estimated 2.75 kt of ammonium nitrate exploded in the Port of Beirut, Lebanon. Rigby et al. (Shock Waves 30:671–675, 2020) used observations from numerous video recordings of the explosion to estimate the time-of-arrival of the primary shock at 38 positions, the distances of which from the centre of the explosion were determined from …
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ANFO is an extremely explosive compound and it is formed from the mixture of 94% prilled ammonium nitrate (AN) and 6% Fuel Oil (FO) (Cook, 1974), it's a widely used explosive and accounts for 80% of all blasts that occur in the United States (Green, 2006). The reason that ANFO is so widely used in industries such as mining, quarrying, and ...
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The modified powdery mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (MPANFO) is a new breed of industrial explosives developed years ago in China. As one of the important properties of an industrial explosive, the channel effect of MPANFO was reported in this paper. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the channel effect of MPANFO.
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Substance information for NA 0331 - Ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture containing only prilled ammonium nitrate and fuel oil based on the Hazardous Materials Table (Title 49 CFR 172.101) to assist in preparing a risk assessment for loading, transporting and …
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Contain run-off water used in fire suppression or exposure activities. Ammonium nitrate is a marine pollutant. If the fire is in the hot zone or impinging on any closed containers that contain ammonium nitrate or fuel oil, immediately …
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Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil (ANFO) explosives are inexpensive and readily produced, but are highly prone to misfires, with the remaining explosive being a significant risk and environmental contaminant. In this work, …
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Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil Explosives By J. R. KELSO and LT. COL. J. CHOROMOKOS, JR. SIMULATING has the enactment been a continuing the of blast the Nuclear effects military of Test nuclear program Ban weapons Treaty since SIMULATING has been a continuing military program since the enactment of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
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Manufacturing ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosives is a relatively simple process, which involves combining the correct proportions of explosively reactive substances. The components of ANFO are usually mixed close to the point of operation for safety reasons. The final product, once mixed, is relatively safe and easy to handle.
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As synthetic ammonia became less expensive because of improvements in manufacture and a raw material change from coal to natural gas, the explosives industry concentrated its efforts on substituting ammonium nitrate for nitroglycerin. Two important products were (1) low-density ammonia dynamites and (2) semigelatins. Prior to their …
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Other articles where ANFO is discussed: explosive: Ammonium nitrate–fuel oil mixtures: In 1955 it was discovered that mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fine coal dust would give very satisfactory blasting results in the large (about 22.5-centimetre, 9-inch) holes used in open-pit coal mines to remove the rock and soil covering the coal.…
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"The ammonium nitrate is like the engine behind the explosion, but the engine needs fuel," Goodpaster told Life's Little Mysteries. In fact, bombs need two components beside the fertilizer: a ...
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Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) Any carbonaceous material mixed with ammonium nitrate (AN) may produce a possible explosive mixture. In fact AN, as a pure material is not classified as an explosive for transportation and storage unless it contains > 0.4% carbonaceous material. However, there have been multiple incidences of pure AN being ...
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explosives such as Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO). In this study, the effect of reaction zone flow di-vergence on ANFO detonation was explored through variation of the inert confinement and explosive diameter in the rate-stick geometry with cylinder expansion experiments. New tests are discussed and compared to prior experiments.
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Ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO) explosive vehicle is the most common equipment in the mining machinery. The pharmaceutical system is the most important system of the whole mechanical system, its performance and reliability determine the reliability of the whole system. However, there is little literature on reliability analysis of ANFO explosive vehicle. In …
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TOXIC FUMES FROM EXPLOSIVES: AMMONIUM NITRATE·FUEL OIL MI XTURES by. R. F. Chaiken, 1. E. B. Cook, 2. and T. C. Ruhe. 3. ABSTRACT The Bureau of Mines has carried out experimental and theoretical studies with prilled and pulverized ammonium nitrate-fueloil (AN-FO) mixtures contain ing varying amounts of fuel oil in an attempt to quantify the ...
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Mixed with fuel oil it's known as ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil), which accounts for approximately 80% of the 2.7 billion kilograms of explosives used in North America every year. In these explosive mixtures, it acts as an …
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The Dependence of Ammonium-Nitrate Fuel-Oil (ANFO) Detonation on Confinement. Scott I. Jackson. Shock and Detonation Physics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM …
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